ENGLISH is OFFICIAL LANGUAGE of UOI and HINDI is IN ADDITION to ENGLISH
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COI, ART 343. (1) The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari scriptttt. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals.
(2) Notwithstanding anything in clause (1), for a period of fifteen years from the commencement of this Constitution, the English language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such
commencement:
Provided that the President may, during the said period, by order authorise the use of the Hindi language in addition to the English language and of the Devanagari form of numerals in addition to the international form of Indian numerals for any of the official purposes of the Union.
(3) Notwithstanding anything in this article, Parliament may by law provide for the use, after the said period of fifteen years, of—
a) the English language, or
b) the Devanagari form of numerals,
for such purposes as may be specified in the law.
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COI, ART 51A. It shall be the duty of every citizen of India—
(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India
The official language of the Indian Union is Hindi with English as a secondary official language;[1] states in India can legislate their own official languages.[1] Neither the Constitution of India, nor any Indian law defines any national language.[2]
States specify their own official language(s) through legislation. The section of the Constitution of India dealing with official languages therefore includes detailed provisions[3] which deal not just with the languages used for the official purposes of the union,[4] but also with the languages that are to be used for the official purposes of each state and union territory in the country,[5] and the languages that are to be used for communication between the union and the states inter se.[6]
During the British Raj, English was used for most official purposes both at the federal level and in the various states.[7] The Indian constitution adopted in 1950, envisaged the gradual phasing in of Hindi, to replace English over a fifteen-year period, but gave Parliament the power to, by law, provide for the continued use of English even thereafter.[8] But resistance to making Hindi the sole official language has resulted in English being retained for official uses. English continues to be used today, in combination with Hindi (at the central level and in some states) and other languages (at the state level).
The legal framework governing the use of languages for official purpose currently includes the Constitution, the Official Languages Act, 1963, Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, and various state laws, as well as rules and regulations made by the central government and the states.
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The Indian constitution, in 1950, declared Hindi in Devanagari scriptt to be the official language of the union.[9] Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of English for official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, i.e., on 26 January 1965.[10] The prospect of the changeover, however, led to much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially Dravidian-speaking states whose languages were not related to Hindi at all. As a result, Parliament enacted the Official Languages Act, 1963,[11][12][13][14][15][16] which provided for the continued use of English for official purposes along with Hindi, even after 1965.
In late 1964, an attempt was made to expressly provide for an end to the use of English, but it was met with protests from states such as Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal, Karnataka, Puducherry and Andhra Pradesh. Some of these protests also turned violent.[17] As a result, the proposal was dropped,[18][19] and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a resolution to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.[20]
The current position is thus that the Union government may continue to use English in addition to Hindi for its official purposes[21] as a "subsidiary official language,"[22] but is also required to prepare and execute a programme to progressively increase its use of Hindi.[23] The exact extent to which, and the areas in which, the Union government uses Hindi and English, respectively, is determined by the provisions of the Constitution, the Official Languages Act, 1963, the Official Languages Rules, 1976, and statutory instruments made by the Department of Official Language under these laws.
The Indian constitution draws a distinction between the language to be used in Parliamentary proceedings, and the language in which laws are to be made. Parliamentary business, according to the Constitution, may be conducted in either Hindi or English.[24] The use of English in parliamentary proceedings was to be phased out at the end of fifteen years unless Parliament chose to extend its use,[25] which Parliament did through the Official Languages Act, 1963.[26] In addition, the constitution permits a person who is unable to express himself in either Hindi or English to, with the permission of the Speaker of the relevant House, address the House in his mother tongue.[27]
In contrast, the constitution requires the authoritative text of all laws, including Parliamentary enactments and statutory instruments, to be in English, until Parliament decides otherwise.[28] Parliament has not exercised its power to so decide, instead merely requiring that all such laws and instruments, and all bills brought before it, also be translated into Hindi, though the English text remains authoritative.[29]
The constitution provides that all proceedings in the Supreme Court of India, the country's highest court and the High Courts, shall be in English.[30] Parliament has the power to alter this by law, but has not done so.[31]
The Union government is required by law to progressively increase the use of Hindi in its official work,[23] which it has sought to do through "persuasion, incentive and goodwill."[32]
The Official Language Act provides that the Union government shall use both Hindi and English in most administrative documents that are intended for the public.[33] The Official Languages Rules, in contrast, provide for a higher degree of use of Hindi in communications between offices of the central government (other than offices in Tamil Nadu, to which the rules do not apply[34]). Communications between different departments within the central government may be in either Hindi or English, although a translation into the other language must be provided if required.[35] Communications within offices of the same department, however, must be in Hindi if the offices are in Hindi-speaking states,[36] and in either Hindi or English otherwise with Hindi being used in proportion to the percentage of staff in the receiving office who have a working knowledge of Hindi.[37] Notes and memos in files may be in either Hindi or English, with the Government having a duty to provide a translation into the other language if required.[38]
In addition, every person submitting a petition for the redress of a grievance to a government officer or authority has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in India.[39]
Various steps have been taken by the Indian government to implement the use and familiarisation of Hindi extensively. Regional Hindi implementation offices at Bangalore, Cochin, Mumbai, Kolkata, Guwahati, Bhopal, Delhi and Ghaziabad have been established to monitor the implementation of Hindi in Central government offices and PSUs. Annual targets are set by the Department of Official Language regarding the amount of correspondence being carried out in Hindi. A Parliament Committee on Official Language constituted in 1976 periodically reviews the progress in the use of Hindi and submits a report to the President. The governmental body which makes policy decisions and established guidelines for promotion of Hindi is the Kendriya Hindi Samiti (est. 1967). In every city that has more than ten central Government offices, a Town Official Language Implementation Committee is established and cash awards are given to government employees who write books in Hindi. All Central government offices and PSUs are to establish Hindi Cells for implementation of Hindi in their offices.[40]
The Indian constitution does not specify the official languages to be used by the states for the conduct of their official functions, and leaves each state free to, through its legislature, adopt Hindi or any language used in its territory as its official language or languages.[41] The language need not be one of those listed in the Eighth Schedule, and several states have adopted official languages which are not so listed. Examples include Kokborok in Tripura; Mizo in Mizoram; Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia in Meghalaya; and French in Puducherry.
The constitutional provisions in relation to use of the official language in legislation at the State level largely mirror those relating to the official language at the central level, with minor variations. State legislatures may conduct their business in their official language, Hindi or (for a transitional period, which the legislature can extend if it so chooses) English, and members who cannot use any of these have the same rights to their mother tongue with the Speaker's permission.[42] The authoritative text of all laws must be in English, unless Parliament passes a law permitting a state to use another language, and if the original text of a law is in a different language, an authoritative English translation of all laws must be prepared.[43]
The state has the right to regulate the use of its official language in public administration, and in general, neither the constitution nor any central enactment imposes any restriction on this right. However, every person submitting a petition for the redress of a grievance to an officer or authority of the state government has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in that state, regardless of its official status.[39]
In addition, the constitution grants the central government, acting through the President, the power to issue certain directives to the government of a state in relation to the use of minority languages for official purposes. The President may direct a State to officially recognise a language spoken in its territory for specified purposes and in specified regions, if its speakers demand it and satisfy him that a substantial proportion of the State's population desire its use.[44] Similarly, States and local authorities are required to endeavour to provide primary education in the mother tongue for all linguistic minorities, regardless of whether or not their language is official in that State, and the President has the power to issue directions he deems necessary to ensure that they are provided these facilities.[45]
States have significantly less freedom in relation to determine the language in which judicial proceedings in their respective High Courts will be conducted. The constitution gives the power to authorise the use of Hindi, or the state's official language in proceedings of the High Court to the Governor, rather than the state legislature, and requires the Governor to obtain the consent of the President of India,[46] who in these matters acts on the advice of the Government of India. The Official Languages Act gives the Governor a similar power, subject to similar conditions, in relation to the language in which the High Court's judgments will be delivered.[47]
Four states - Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan[48]- have been granted the right to conduct proceedings in their High Courts in their official language, which, for all of them, was Hindi. However, the only non-Hindi state to seek a similar power - Tamil Nadu, which sought the right to conduct proceedings in Tamil in its High Court - had its application rejected by the central government earlier, which said it was advised to do so by the Supreme Court.[49] In 2006, the law ministry said that it would not object to Tamil Nadu state's desire to conduct Madras High Court proceedings in Tamil.[50][51][52][53][54] In 2010, the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court allowed lawyers to argue cases in Tamil..[55].
No. | Union Territory | Official Language | Other officially recognised languages |
---|---|---|---|
1. | Andaman and Nicobar Islands | Hindi, English[99] | |
2. | Chandigarh | Punjabi, Hindi, English | |
3. | Dadra and Nagar Haveli | Marathi, Gujarati | |
4. | Daman and Diu | Gujarati, English | Marathi[65] |
5. | Delhi | Hindi, English | Urdu,[100] Punjabi[100] |
6. | Lakshadweep | Malayalam | |
7. | Puducherry | French, Tamil and English[101][102] | Malayalam (for Mahe), Telugu (for Yanam)[101] |
The Eighth Schedule to the Indian Constitution contains a list of 22 scheduled languages. At the time the constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the Official Languages Commission,[103] and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi, the official language of the Union.[104] The list has since, however, acquired further significance. The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages, such that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge."[105] In addition, a candidate appearing in an examination conducted for public service at a higher level is entitled to use any of these languages as the medium in which he or she answers the paper.[106]
Via the 92nd Constitutional amendment 2003, 4 new languages – Bodo, Maithili, Dogri, and Santali – were added to the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution.[107]
The following table lists the languages set out in the eighth schedule as of May 2007, together with the regions where they are used:[108]
Since 2003, a government committee has been looking into the feasibility of treating all languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution as "Official Languages of the Union".[111]
The language in which communications between different states, or from the union government to a state or a person in a state, shall be sent is regulated by the Official Languages Act and, for states other than Tamil Nadu, by the Official Languages Rules. Communication between states who use Hindi as their official language is required to be in Hindi, whereas communication between a state whose official language is Hindi and one whose is not is required to be in English, or in Hindi with an accompanying English translation (unless the receiving state agrees to dispense with the translation).[21]
Communication between the union and states which use Hindi as their official language (classified by the Official Language Rules as "the states in Region A"), and with persons who live in those states, is in Hindi, except in exceptional cases.[112] Communication with a second category of states, which do not use Hindi as their official language but are willing to communicate with the union in Hindi (currently Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab and Chandigarh[113]) is usually in Hindi, whilst communications sent to an individual in those states may be in either Hindi or English.[114] Communication with all other states, and with persons living in them, is in English.[115]
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http://india.gov.in/knowindia/official_language.php
Article 343(1) of the Constitution provides that Hindi in Devanagari scriptt shall be the Official Language of the Union. Article 343(2) also provided for continuing the use of English in official work of the Union for a period of 15 years (i.e., up to 25 January 1965) from the date of commencement of the Constitution. Article 343(3) empowered the parliament to provide by law for continued use of English for official purposes even after 25 January 1965. Accordingly, section 3(2) of the Official Languages Act, 1963 (amended in 1967) provides for continuing the use of English in official work even after 25 January 1965. The Act also lays down that both Hindi and English shall compulsorily be used for certain specified purposes such as Resolutions, General Orders, Rules, Notifications, Administrative and other Reports, Press Communiqués; Administrative and other Reports and Official Papers to be laid before a House or the Houses of Parliament; Contracts, Agreements, Licences, Permits, Tender Notices and Forms of Tender, etc.
In 1976, Official Language Rules were framed under the provisions of section 8(1) of the Official Languages Act, 1963. Its salient features are as under:
In compliance with the Official Language Resolution, 1968, an Annual Programme is prepared by the Department of Official Language in which targets are set for the offices of the Central Government with regard to originating correspondence, telegrams, telex, etc., in Hindi. A Quarterly Progress Report is called for from the offices of the Central Government regarding achievements vis-à-vis the said targets. An Annual Assessment Report is prepared on the basis of the Quarterly Progress Reports, which is laid on the Tables of both Houses of the Parliament and copies endorsed to State Governments and the Ministries/Departments of the Central Government.
Eight Regional Implementation Offices have been established at Bangalore, Cochin, Mumbai, Kolkata, Guwahati, Bhopal, Delhi and Ghaziabad to monitor the implementation of Official Language Policy of the Union.
A Committee of Parliament on Official Language was constituted in 1976 under section 4 of the Official Languages Act, 1963 to periodically review the progress in the use of Hindi as the Official Language of the Union and to submit a report to the President. The Committee consists of 20 Members of the Lok Sabha and 10 of the Rajya Sabha. The Committee have decided to submit its report in parts. It has so far submitted to the President eight parts of its report. The Presidential Orders on seven parts of its report have been issued and work is in progress on the eighth part.
The Kendriya Hindi Samiti was constituted in the year 1967. It is chaired by the Prime Minister. It is the apex policy making body which lays down the guidelines for the propagation and progressive use of Hindi as Official Language of the Union.
Under the directions of the Kendriya Hindi Samiti, Hindi Salahakar Samitis have been constituted in all Ministries/Departments under the chairmanship of the Ministers concerned. These Samitis periodically review the progress in the use of Hindi in their respective Ministries/Departments and the offices/undertakings and suggest measures to promote the use of Hindi.
Besides, the Central Official Language Implementation Committee [headed by Secretary, Department of Official Language and consisting of Joint Secretaries (In-charge Official Language) of all the Ministries/Departments as ex-officio members] reviews the status of use of Hindi for official purposes of the Union, training of its employees in Hindi and implementation of instructions issued from time to time by the Department of Official Language and suggests measure for removing the shortcomings and difficulties noticed in implementing these instructions.
Town Official Language Implementation Committees are constituted in different towns having ten or more Central Government offices, etc., to review the progress made in the use of Hindi in their member offices and exchange experiences. So far 255 Town Official Language Implementation Committees have been constituted all over the country.
The Indira Gandhi Rajbhasha Awards Scheme has been in operation since 1986-87. Shields are given every year to Ministries/Departments, Banks and Financial Institutions, Public Sector Undertakings and Town Official Language Implementation Committees for outstanding achievements in the implementation of the Official Language Policy of the Union. Cash awards are given to the working/retired employees of the Central Government, Banks, Financial Institutions, Universities, Training Institutions and Autonomous Bodies of the Central Government for writing original books in Hindi.
The National Awards Scheme for Original Book writing on Gyan-Vigyan has been renamed as Rajiv Gandhi National Awards Scheme for Original Book Writing in Hindi for promoting writing of books in Hindi on all branches of modern Science/Technology and contemporary subjects. This Scheme is open to all citizens of India.
At Regional level, Regional Official Language Awards are given each year to the Regional/Subordinate Offices, Public Sector Undertakings, Town Official Language Implementation Committees, Banks and Financial Institutions of the Central Government for outstanding achievements in implementing the Official Language Policy of the Union and accelerating the progressive use of Hindi.
Under the Hindi Teaching Scheme, administered by the Department of Official Language, training in Hindi language is being imparted through 119 full-time and 49 part-time centres throughout the country. Likewise, training in Hindi Stenography and Hindi Typing is being provided through 23 full-time and 38 part-time centres. Thus, training in Hindi is being provided in 229 centres located in different parts of the country. Five Regional Offices of Hindi Teaching Scheme at Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai and Guwahati are providing academic and administrative support to the Hindi Teaching Scheme in the East, West, North-Central, South and North-East Regions. To fulfill the increasing demand of Hindi training of North Eastern region a new Regional Headquarter has been established at Guwahati and new Hindi training centres have been established at Imphal, Aizwal and Agartala.
The Kendriya Hindi Prashikshan Sansthan was established on 31 August 1985, as a subordinate office of the Department of Official Language, with the objective of providing Hindi Training through condensed courses in Hindi language/typing and stenography as also training through correspondence in Hindi language and Hindi Typewriting. Its sub-institutes were opened in Mumbai, Kolkata and Bangalore in 1988 and in Chennai and Hyderabad in 1990. Training of Hindi typing on computers is being imparted at almost all the typing/stenography centres in the country.
The Central Translation Bureau was set up in March 1971 for translation of different types of non-statutory literature, manuals/codes, forms, etc., of various Ministries/Departments, Offices of the Central Government and Public Sector Undertakings, Banks, etc. The Bureau has also been entrusted with the responsibility of conducting translation training courses for the officers/employees associated with the translation work. Initially, translation training courses of 3 months were being conducted at the Headquarters in New Delhi. In order to strengthen training facilities and meet regional requirements, Translation Training Centres have been established in Mumbai, Bangalore and Kolkata. Besides, Central Translation Bureau also conducts short-term translation courses for Central Government employees.
In order to facilitate the use of Official Language with the help of Mechanical and Electronic equipment, especially computers, a Technical Cell was set up in the Department of Official Language in October 1983. The main activities of the Cell are as under:
The Department of Official Language has now set up its portal www.rajbhasha.gov.in (External website that opens in a new window).
The Department of Official Language brings out 'Rajbhasha Bharati', a quarterly magazine, dedicated for encouraging writings in the field of Official Language, literature, technology, information technology, etc., in Hindi and also to give wide publicity to the efforts being made in different Central Government Offices for the use and propagation of Official Language Hindi. So far 112 issues of Rajbhasha Bharati have been published. Likewise, Annual Programme for implementation of the Official Language policy is brought out every year. Annual Assessment Report regarding the use of Official Language in different Ministries/Departments and offices of the Central Government/Public Sector Undertakings, etc., is also brought out every year and laid on the tables of both the houses of Parliament. Official Language Manual, Calendars, Films, Posters, etc., are also brought out to give information regarding the activities relating to propagation and progressive use of Hindi as the Official Language.
http://bharat.gov.in/knowindia/official_language.php
рд╕рдВрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛рди рдХреА рдзрд╛рд░рд╛ 343(1) рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рджреЗрд╡рдирд╛рдЧрд░реА рд▓рд┐рдкрд┐ рдореЗрдВ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рд╕рдВрдШ рдХреА рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рд╣реЛрдЧреАред рдзрд╛рд░рд╛ 343(2) рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдВрдЧреНрд░реЗрдЬреА рдХреЛ рдЖрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рд┐рдХ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдореЗрдВ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рд╕рдВрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛рди рдЖрдВрд░рдн рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреА рддрд┐рдерд┐ рдХреЗ 15 рд╡рд░реНрд╖ (рдЕрд░реНрдерд╛рдд 25 рдЬрдирд╡рд░реА 1965) рдХреА рдЕрд╡рдзрд┐ рддрдХ рдЬрд╛рд░реА рд░рдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд╣рд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИред рдзрд╛рд░рд╛ 343(3) рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдВрд╕рдж рдХреЛ 25 рдЬрдирд╡рд░реА 1965 рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рднреА рдЖрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рд┐рдХ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЬрдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдВрдЧреНрд░реЗрдЬреА рдХреЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреЛ рдЬрд╛рд░реА рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд╛рдиреВрди рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИред рддрджрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдирд┐рдпрдо, 1963 (рд╕рдВрд╢реЛрдзрд┐рдд 1967) рдХреА рдзрд╛рд░рд╛ 3(2) рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ 25 рдЬрдирд╡рд░реА 1965 рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рднреА рдЖрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рд┐рдХ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдВрдЧреНрд░реЗрдЬреА рдХреЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреЛ рдЬрд╛рд░реА рд░рдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдд рдХрд╣реА рдЧрдИ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕ рдЕрдзрд┐рдирд┐рдпрдо рдореЗрдВ рдпрд╣ рднреА рдмрддрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдФрд░ рдЕрдВрдЧреНрд░реЗрдЬреА рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдУрдВ рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреБрдЫ рд╡рд┐рд╢рд┐рд╖реНрдЯ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЬрдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдирд┐рд╡рд╛рд░реНрдп рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдПрдЧрд╛ рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдХрд┐ рдкреНрд░рд╕реНрддрд╛рд╡, рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдп рдЖрджреЗрд╢, рдирд┐рдпрдо, рдЕрдзрд┐рд╕реВрдЪрдирд╛, рдкреНрд░рд╢рд╛рд╕рдирд┐рдХ рддрдерд╛ рдЕрдиреНрдп рд░рд┐рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯ, рдкреНрд░реЗрд╕ рд╕рдореНрдкреНрд░реЗрд╖рдг, рдкреНрд░рд╢рд╛рд╕рдирд┐рдХ рдФрд░ рдЕрдиреНрдп рд░рд┐рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯ рддрдерд╛ рд╕рдВрд╕рдж рдХреЗ рд╕рджрдиреЛрдВ рдпрд╛ рд╕рджрди рдореЗрдВ рд░рдЦреЗ рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдЖрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рд┐рдХ рдкрддреНрд░; рд╕рдВрд╡рд┐рджрд╛рдПрдВ, рдХрд░рд╛рд░, рд▓рд╛рдЗрд╕реЗрдВрд╕, рдЕрдиреБрдЬреНрдЮрд╛ рдкрддреНрд░, рдирд┐рд╡рд┐рджрд╛ рд╕реВрдЪрдирд╛рдПрдВ рдФрд░ рдирд┐рд╡рд┐рджрд╛ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рдкрддреНрд░ рдЖрджрд┐ред
1976 рдореЗрдВ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдирд┐рдпрдо, 1963 рдХреА рдзрд╛рд░рд╛ 8(1) рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рд╛рд╡рдзрд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рддрд╣рдд рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдХреЗ рдирд┐рдпрдо рдмрдирд╛рдП рдЧрдП рдереЗред рдЗрд╕рдХреА рдкреНрд░рдореБрдЦ рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рддрд╛рдПрдВ рдирд┐рдореНрдирд╛рдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рд╣реИрдВ:
рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рд╕рдВрдХрд▓реНрдк 1968 рдХрд╛ рдкрд╛рд▓рди рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реБрдП рдПрдХ рд╡рд╛рд░реНрд╖рд┐рдХ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрдХреНрд░рдо рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рддреИрдпрд╛рд░ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдПрдЧрд╛, рдЬрд┐рд╕рдореЗрдВ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реАрдп рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдореЗрдВ рдкрддреНрд░рд╛рдЪрд╛рд░, рдЯреЗрд▓реАрдЧреНрд░рд╛рдо, рдЯреЗрд▓реЗрдХреНрд╕ рдЖрджрд┐ рднреЗрдЬрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп рдореЗрдВ рд▓рдХреНрд╖реНрдп рддрдп рдХрд┐рдП рдЬрд╛рдПрдВрдЧреЗред рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдзрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рддрдерд╛ рдХрдерд┐рдд рд▓рдХреНрд╖реНрдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реАрдп рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рддрд┐рдорд╛рд╣реА рдкреНрд░рдЧрддрд┐ рд░рд┐рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯ рдордВрдЧрд╛рдИ рдЬрд╛рдПрдЧреАред рддрд┐рдорд╛рд╣реА рдкреНрд░рдЧрддрд┐ рд░рд┐рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдкрд░ рдПрдХ рд╡рд╛рд░реНрд╖рд┐рдХ рдЖрдХрд▓рди рд░рд┐рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯ рддреИрдпрд╛рд░ рдХреА рдЬрд╛рдПрдЧреА, рдЬрд┐рд╕реЗ рд╕рдВрд╕рдж рдХреЗ рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рд╕рджрдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдкрдЯрд▓ рдкрд░ рд░рдЦрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдПрдЧрд╛ рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕рдХреА рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рддрдерд╛ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реАрдп рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдордВрддреНрд░рд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ / рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдкреГрд╖реНрдард╛рдВрдХрд┐рдд рдХреА рдЬрд╛рдПрдВрдЧреАред
рдмреИрдВрдЧрд▓реЛрд░, рдХреЛрдЪреАрди, рдореБрдореНрдмрдИ, рдХреЛрд▓рдХрд╛рддрд╛, рдЧреБрд╡рд╛рд╣рд╛рдЯреА, рднреЛрдкрд╛рд▓, рджрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рдФрд░ рдЧрд╛рдЬрд┐рдпрд╛рдмрд╛рдж рдореЗрдВ рдЖрда рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░реАрдп рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рдиреНрд╡рдпрди рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрдирд╛ рд╕рдВрдШ рдХреА рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдиреАрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рдиреНрд╡рдпрди рдХреА рдирд┐рдЧрд░рд╛рдиреА рд╣реЗрддреБ рдХреА рдЧрдИ рд╣реИред
рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдирд┐рдпрдо, 1963 рдХреА рдзрд╛рд░рд╛ 4 рдХреЗ рддрд╣рдд 1976 рдореЗрдВ рдЧрдард┐рдд рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдкрд░ рдПрдХ рд╕рдВрд╕рджреАрдп рд╕рдорд┐рддрд┐ рд╕рдВрдШ рдореЗрдВ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдХреЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреА рдЖрд╡рдзрд┐рдХ рд╕рдореАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рддрдерд╛ рдЗрд╕рдХреА рд░рд┐рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рдкрддрд┐ рдХреЛ рд╕реМрдВрдкрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЧрдард┐рдд рдХреА рдЧрдИ рдереАред рдЗрд╕ рд╕рдорд┐рддрд┐ рдореЗрдВ рд▓реЛрдХ рд╕рднрд╛ рдХреЗ 20 рдФрд░ рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рд╕рднрд╛ рдХреЗ 10 рд╕рджрд╕реНрдп рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рд╕рдорд┐рддрд┐ рдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреА рд░рд┐рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯ рд╣рд┐рд╕реНрд╕реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдЬрдорд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдирд┐рд░реНрдгрдп рд▓рд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЕрдм рддрдХ рдЗрд╕ рд░рд┐рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯ рдХреЗ рдЖрда рднрд╛рдЧ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рдкрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рдкрд╛рд╕ рдЬрдорд╛ рдХрд┐рдП рдЬрд╛ рдЪреБрдХреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЗрд╕рдХреА рд░рд┐рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдд рднрд╛рдЧреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рдкрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рдЖрджреЗрд╢ рдЬрд╛рд░реА рдХрд┐рдП рдЬрд╛ рдЪреБрдХреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рдЖрдард╡реЗрдВ рднрд╛рдЧ рдкрд░ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдкреНрд░рдЧрддрд┐ рдкрд░ рд╣реИрдВред
рд╡рд░реНрд╖ 1967 рдореЗрдВ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реАрдп рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рд╕рдорд┐рддрд┐ рдХрд╛ рдЧрдарди рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдЕрдзреНрдпрдХреНрд╖ рдкреНрд░рдзрд╛рдирдордВрддреНрд░реА рд╣реИрдВред рдпрд╣ рдиреАрддрд┐ рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд╛рддрд╛ рд╢реАрд░реНрд╖ рдирд┐рдХрд╛рдп рд╣реИ, рдЬреЛ рд╕рдВрдШ рдХреА рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рдЧрд╛рдореА рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдФрд░ рдкреНрд░рд╡рд░реНрдзрди рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдорд╛рд░реНрдЧрджрд░реНрд╢реА рд╕рд┐рджреНрдзрд╛рдВрдд рдмрдирд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реАрдп рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рд╕рдорд┐рддрд┐ рдХреЗ рдирд┐рд░реНрджреЗрд╢реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЕрдзреАрди рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рдд рдордВрддреНрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреА рдЕрдзреНрдпрдХреНрд╖рддрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рднреА рдордВрддреНрд░рд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ / рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рд╕рд▓рд╛рд╣рдХрд╛рд░ рд╕рдорд┐рддрд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рдЧрдард┐рдд рдХреА рдЧрдИ рд╣реИрдВред рдпреЗ рд╕рдорд┐рддрд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рдд рдордВрддреНрд░рд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ / рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧреЛрдВ рддрдерд╛ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ рдФрд░ рдЙрдкрдХреНрд░рдореЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдХреЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреА рдкреНрд░рдЧрддрд┐ рдХреА рд╕рдореАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдЖрд╡рдзрд┐рдХ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдХреЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреЛ рдмрдврд╝рд╛рд╡рд╛ рджреЗрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд╕реБрдЭрд╛рд╡ рджреЗрддреА рд╣реИрдВред
рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдЕрд▓рд╛рд╡рд╛ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реАрдп рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рдиреНрд╡рдпрди рд╕рдорд┐рддрд┐ (рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧ рдХреЗ рд╕рдЪрд┐рд╡ рдХреА рдЕрдзреНрдпрдХреНрд╖рддрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдФрд░ рд╕рднреА рдордВрддреНрд░рд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ / рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд░реА рд╕рдВрдпреБрдХреНрдд рд╕рдЪрд┐рд╡реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдкрджреЗрди рд╕рджрд╕реНрдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ) рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд╕рдВрдШ рдХреЗ рдЖрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рд┐рдХ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЬрдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдХреЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреА рд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд┐ рдХреА рд╕рдореАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИ, рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд╕рдордп рд╕рдордп рдкрд░ рдЬрд╛рд░реА рдЕрдиреБрджреЗрд╢реЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рдиреНрд╡рдпрди рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдореЗрдВ рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдХрд░реНрдордЪрд╛рд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рддрдерд╛ рдЗрди рдЕрдиреБрджреЗрд╢реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рдиреНрд╡рдпрди рдореЗрдВ рджреЗрдЦреА рдЧрдИ рдХрдорд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдФрд░ рдХрдард┐рдирд╛рдЗрдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рджреВрд░ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдЙрдкрд╛рдп рд╕реБрдЭрд╛рдП рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
рджрд╕ рдпрд╛ рджрд╕ рд╕реЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реАрдп рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд╢рд╣рд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдХреЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреА рдкреНрд░рдЧрддрд┐ рдХреА рд╕рдореАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЙрдирдХреЗ рд╕рджрд╕реНрдп рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╢рд╣рд░ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рдиреНрд╡рдпрди рд╕рдорд┐рддрд┐ рдЧрдард┐рдд рдХреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЕрдиреБрднрд╡реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЖрдкрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдмрд╛рдВрдЯрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рджреЗрд╢ рднрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдм рддрдХ 255 рд╢рд╣рд░ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рдиреНрд╡рдпрди рд╕рдорд┐рддрд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рдЧрдард┐рдд рдХреА рдЧрдИ рд╣реИрдВред
рд╡рд░реНрд╖ 1986-87 рд╕реЗ рдЗрдВрджрд┐рд░рд╛ рдЧрд╛рдВрдзреА рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдкреБрд░рд╕реНрдХрд╛рд░ рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рдкреНрд░рдЪрд╛рд▓рдирд░рдд рд╣реИред рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпреЗрдХ рд╡рд░реНрд╖ рдордВрддреНрд░рд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ / рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧреЗрдВ, рдмреИрдВрдХреЛрдВ рдФрд░ рд╡рд┐рддреНрддреАрдп рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреЛрдВ, рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд╖реНрдард╛рдиреЛрдВ рддрдерд╛ рд╢рд╣рд░ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рдиреНрд╡рдпрди рд╕рдорд┐рддрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╕рдВрдШ рдХреА рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдиреАрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рдиреНрд╡рдпрди рдореЗрдВ рдЕрд╕рд╛рдзрд╛рд░рдг рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдзрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдкрджрдХ рджрд┐рдП рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реАрдп рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░, рдмреИрдВрдХреЛрдВ, рд╡рд┐рддреНрддреАрдп рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреЛрдВ, рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ, рдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдФрд░ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реАрдп рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рдпрддреНрдд рдирд┐рдХрд╛рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдореЗрдВ рдореВрд▓ рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХреЗрдВ рд▓рд┐рдЦрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд░рдд / рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рдирд┐рд╡реГрддреНрдд рдХрд░реНрдордЪрд╛рд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдирдХрдж рдкреБрд░рд╕реНрдХрд╛рд░ рджрд┐рдП рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдкрд░ рдореВрд▓ рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХ рд▓реЗрдЦрди рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдПрдХ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдп рдкреБрд░рд╕реНрдХрд╛рд░ рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рдХреЛ рдЖрдзреБрдирд┐рдХ рд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди/ рдкреНрд░реМрджреНрдпреЛрдЧрд┐рдХреА рддрдерд╛ рд╕рдордХрд╛рд▓реАрди рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпреЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕рднреА рд╢рд╛рдЦрд╛рдУрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХреЗрдВ рд▓рд┐рдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░реЛрддреНрд╕рд╛рд╣рди рджреЗрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЗрд╕реЗ рд░рд╛рдЬреАрд╡ рдЧрд╛рдВрдзреА рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдп рдкреБрд░рд╕реНрдХрд╛рд░ рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рдХрд╛ рдирд╛рдо рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИред рдпрд╣ рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ рд╕рднреА рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЦреБрд▓реА рд╣реИред
рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░реАрдп рд╕реНрддрд░ рдкрд░ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░реАрдп рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдкреБрд░рд╕реНрдХрд╛рд░ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд╡рд░реНрд╖ рд╕рдВрдШ рдХреА рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдиреАрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рдиреНрд╡рдпрди рдФрд░ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рдЧрд╛рдореА рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреЛ рдЖрдЧреЗ рдмрдврд╝рд╛рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрд╕рд╛рдзрд╛рд░рдг рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдзрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░реАрдп / рдЕрдзреАрдирд╕реНрде рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ, рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░ рдЙрдкрдХреНрд░рдореЛрдВ, рд╢рд╣рд░ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рдиреНрд╡рдпрди рд╕рдорд┐рддрд┐рдпреЛрдВ, рдмреИрдВрдХреЛрдВ рдФрд░ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реАрдп рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рддреНрддреАрдп рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдкреБрд░рд╕реНрдХрд╛рд░ рджрд┐рдП рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░ рдкреНрд░рд╢рд╛рд╕рд┐рдд рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рдХреЗ рддрд╣рдд 119 рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдХрд╛рд▓рд┐рдХ рдФрд░ 49 рдЕрд╢рдВрдХрд╛рд▓рд┐рдХ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЬреЛ рджреЗрд╢ рднрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдлреИрд▓реЗ рд╣реБрдП рд╣реИрдВред рдЗрд╕реА рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ 23 рдкреВрд░реНрдгрдХрд╛рд▓рд┐рдХ рдФрд░ 38 рдЕрдВрд╢рдХрд╛рд▓рд┐рдХ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдЖрд╢реБрд▓реЗрдЦрди рдФрд░ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдЯрдВрдХрдг рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИред рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рджреЗрд╢ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рднрд┐рдиреНрди рднрд╛рдЧреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд 229 рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИред рдХреЛрд▓рдХрд╛рддрд╛, рдореБрдореНрдмрдИ, рджрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА, рдЪреЗрдиреНрдирдИ рдФрд░ рдЧреБрд╡рд╛рд╣рд╛рдЯреА рдХреЗ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рдХреЗ рдкрд╛рдВрдЪ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░реАрдп рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рд▓рдп рдкреВрд░реНрдг, рдкрд╢реНрдЪрд┐рдо, рдЙрддреНрддрд░ - рдордзреНрдп, рджрдХреНрд╖рд┐рдг рдФрд░ рдкреВрд░реНрд╡реЛрддреНрддрд░ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛ рдХреЛ рд╢реИрдХреНрд╖рд┐рдХ рддрдерд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╢рд╛рд╕рдирд┐рдХ рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрддрд╛ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдкреВрд░реНрд╡реЛрддреНрддрд░ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░ рдХреЗ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рдХреА рдмрдврд╝рддреА рдорд╛рдВрдЧ рдХреЛ рдкреВрд░рд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдПрдХ рдирдП рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░реАрдп рдореБрдЦреНрдпрд╛рд▓рдп рдХреА рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрдирд╛ рдЧреБрд╡рд╛рд╣рд╛рдЯреА рдореЗрдВ рдХреА рдЧрдИ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЗрдореНрдлрд╛рд▓, рдПрдЬрд╝рд╡рд╛рд▓ рддрдерд╛ рдЕрдЧрд░рддрд▓рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдирдП рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░ рдЦреЛрд▓реЗ рдЧрдП рд╣реИрдВред
рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реАрдп рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдХреА рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрдирд╛ 31 рдЕрдЧрд╕реНрдд, 1985 рдХреЛ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧ рдХреЗ рдПрдХ рдЕрдзреАрдирд╕реНрде рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рд▓рдп рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рднрд╛рд╖рд╛ / рдЯрдВрдХрдг рддрдерд╛ рдЖрд╢реБрд▓реЗрдЦрди рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдВрдШрдирд┐рдд рдкрд╛рдареНрдпрдХреНрд░рдореЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд╣реА рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдФрд░ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдЯрдВрдХрдг рдореЗрдВ рдкрддреНрд░рд╛рдЪрд╛рд░ рдкрд╛рдареНрдпрдХреНрд░рдореЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ рднреА рдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рджреЗрдиреЗ рдЙрджреНрджреЗрд╢реНрдп рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдХреА рдЧрдИ рдереАред рдореБрдореНрдмрдИ, рдХреЛрд▓рдХрд╛рддрд╛ рдФрд░ рдмреИрдВрдЧрд▓реЛрд░ рдореЗрдВ 1988 рдХреЗ рджреМрд░рд╛рди рддрдерд╛ рдЪреЗрдиреНрдирдИ рдФрд░ рд╣реИрджрд░рд╛рдмрд╛рдж рдореЗрдВ 1990 рдХреЗ рджреМрд░рд╛рди рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдЙрдк рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдЦреЛрд▓реЗ рдЧрдПред рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдЯрдВрдХрдг рдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рдХрдореНрдкреНрдпреВрдЯрд░ рдкрд░ рджреЗрдиреЗ рдХреА рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рджреЗрд╢ рдХреЗ рд▓рдЧрднрдЧ рд╕рднреА рдЯрдВрдХрдг/ рдЖрд╢реБрд▓реЗрдЦрди рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдХреА рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣реА рд╣реИред
рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реАрдп рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рдмреНрдпреВрд░реЛ рдХреА рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрдирд╛ рдорд╛рд░реНрдЪ 1971 рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд┐рднрд┐рдиреНрди рдордВрддреНрд░рд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ / рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧреЛрдВ, рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░ рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ рдФрд░ рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░ рдХреЗ рдЙрдкрдХреНрд░рдореЛрдВ, рдмреИрдВрдХреЛрдВ рдЖрджрд┐ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рднрд┐рдиреНрди рдЧреИрд░ рд╡реИрдзрд╛рдирд┐рдХ рд╕рд╛рд╣рд┐рддреНрдп, рд╣рд╕реНрддрдкреБрд╕реНрддрд┐рдХрд╛рдУрдВ / рд╕рдВрд╣рд┐рддрд╛рдУрдВ, рдкреНрд░рдкрддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдЖрджрд┐ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рднрд┐рдиреНрди рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рд╣реЗрддреБ рдХреА рдЧрдИ рдереАред рдЗрд╕ рдмреНрдпреВрд░реЛ рдХреЛ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдЬреБрдбрд╝реЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ / рдХрд░реНрдордЪрд╛рд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рдкрд╛рдареНрдпрдХреНрд░рдореЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЖрдпреЛрдЬрд┐рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рджрд╛рдпрд┐рддреНрд╡ рд╕реМрдВрдкреЗ рдЧрдП рд╣реИрдВред рдЖрд░рдВрдн рдореЗрдВ рдирдИ рджрд┐рд▓реНрд▓реА рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд рдореБрдЦреНрдпрд╛рд▓рдп рдореЗрдВ 3 рдорд╛рд╣ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рдкрд╛рдареНрдпрдХреНрд░рдо рдЖрдпреЛрдЬрд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рдерд╛, рдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рд╕реБрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рд╕реБрджреГрдврд╝ рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдФрд░ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░реАрдп рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдкреВрд░рд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдореБрдореНрдмрдИ, рдмреИрдВрдЧрд▓реЛрд░ рдФрд░ рдХреЛрд▓рдХрд╛рддрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрдирд╛ рдХреА рдЧрдИ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдЕрд▓рд╛рд╡рд╛ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реАрдп рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рдмреНрдпреВрд░реЛ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реАрдп рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдХрд░реНрдордЪрд╛рд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрд▓реНрдкрд╛рд╡рдзрд┐ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рдкрд╛рдареНрдпрдХреНрд░рдо рднреА рдЖрдпреЛрдЬрд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдП рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
рдпрд╛рдВрддреНрд░рд┐рдХ рдФрд░ рдЗрд▓реЗрдХреНрдЯреНрд░реЙрдирд┐рдХ рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдгреЛрдВ, рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдХрдореНрдкреНрдпреВрдЯрд░ рдХреА рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрддрд╛ рд╕реЗ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдХреЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреА рд╕реБрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдХреНрддреВрдмрд░ 1983 рдореЗрдВ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧ рдХреЗ рддрд╣рдд рдПрдХ рддрдХрдиреАрдХреА рдкреНрд░рдХреЛрд╖реНрда рд╕реНрдерд╛рдкрд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред рдЗрд╕ рдкреНрд░рдХреЛрд╖реНрда рдХреА рдореБрдЦреНрдп рдЧрддрд┐рд╡рд┐рдзрд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рдЗрд╕ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рд╣реИрдВ:
рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧ рдиреЗ рдЕрдм рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯрд▓ рдХрд╛ рдЧрдарди рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИред www.rajbhasha.gov.in (рдмрд╛рд╣рд░реА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдЬреЛ рдПрдХ рдирдИ рд╡рд┐рдВрдбреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдЦреБрд▓рддреА рд╣реИрдВ).
рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдПрдХ рддрд┐рдорд╛рд╣реА рдкрддреНрд░рд┐рдХрд╛ ''рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рднрд╛рд░рддреА'' рдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд╢рди рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдореЗрдВ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛, рд╕рд╛рд╣рд┐рддреНрдп, рдкреНрд░реМрджреНрдпреЛрдЧрд┐рдХреА, рд╕реВрдЪрдирд╛ рдкреНрд░реМрджреНрдпреЛрдЧрд┐рдХреА рдЖрджрд┐ рдХреЗ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд▓реЗрдЦрди рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░реЛрддреНрд╕рд╛рд╣рди рджреЗрдиреЗ рдПрд╡рдВ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реАрдп рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рднрд┐рдиреНрди рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдХреЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдФрд░ рдкреНрд░рд╡рд░реНрдзрди рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд┐рдП рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣реЗ рдкреНрд░рдпрд╛рд╕реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрдХ рдкреНрд░рдЪрд╛рд░ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╣реЗрддреБ рд╕рдорд░реНрдкрд┐рдд рд╣реИред рдЕрдм рддрдХ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рднрд╛рд░рддреА рдХреЗ 112 рдЕрдВрдХ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд╢рд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдП рдЧрдП рд╣реИрдВред рдЗрд╕реА рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдиреАрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рдиреНрд╡рдпрди рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рд╡рд╛рд░реНрд╖рд┐рдХ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрдХреНрд░рдо рд╣рд░ рд╡рд░реНрд╖ рддреИрдпрд╛рд░ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рд╡рд┐рднрд┐рдиреНрди рдордВрддреНрд░рд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ / рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЧреЛрдВ рддрдерд╛ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░реАрдп рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ / рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░ рдЙрдкрдХреНрд░рдореЛрдВ рдЖрджрд┐ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рд▓рдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдХреЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд╛рд░реНрд╖рд┐рдХ рдЖрдХрд▓рди рд░рд┐рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд╡рд░реНрд╖ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд╢рд┐рдд рдХреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕реЗ рд╕рдВрд╕рдж рдХреЗ рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рд╕рджрдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдкрдЯрд▓ рдкрд░ рд░рдЦрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдХреЗ рдореЗрдиреБрдЕрд▓, рдХреЗрд▓реЗрдгреНрдбрд░, рдлрд┐рд▓реНрдореЗрдВ, рдкреЛрд╕реНрдЯрд░ рдЖрджрд┐ рдирд┐рдХрд╛рд▓реЗ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдЬрд┐рди рд╕реЗ рд░рд╛рдЬрднрд╛рд╖рд╛ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рдЧрд╛рдореА рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдФрд░ рдкреНрд░рд╡рд░реНрдзрди рд╕реЗ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рдд рдЧрддрд┐рд╡рд┐рдзрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд╖рдп рдореЗрдВ рдЬрд╛рдирдХрд╛рд░реА рджреА рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХреЗред