about academic query

If the individual is audible and visible and doesn't have a reasonable expectation of privacy, it is acceptable to record them without their knowledge.

However, there are some exceptions to this rule. For example, if the person being recorded has a reasonable expectation of privacy, such as in a restroom or changing room, it is illegal to record them without their consent.

Voyeurism as a crime punishable under Section 354C of IPCVoyeurism can be regarded as a most brazen assault on the personal space or right to privacy and is in violation of both Section 354C of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and the multi-dimensional Article 21 of the Constitution of India.