Sex before marriage is Rape says Delhi HC, is it right?

I only mean to say in short is ' s*x' and 'religion' should not be given so much importance .  Both are meant to make man happy and it is of no use if the both are a source of unhappiness.

BELOW IS THE COMPLETE JUDGEMENT. ---------------------------------------------------------- CASE NO.: Appeal (crl.) 1086 of 2007 PETITIONER: Pradeep Kumar @ Pradeep Kumar Verma RESPONDENT: State of Bihar and Anr DATE OF JUDGMENT: 17/08/2007 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BENCH: Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT & D.K. JAIN JUDGMENT: J U D G M E N T (Arising out of SLP (Crl.) No. 3072 of 2006) Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. Challenge in this appeal is to the order passed by a learned Single Judge of the Patna High Court calling in question correctness of the judgment of the Additional Sessions Judge, Fast Track Court No.III, Buxar, in Sessions Trial No.280 of 2004, whereby the application filed by the appellant for discharge was rejected. 3. A brief reference to the factual aspects would suffice. Respondent No.2 lodged the First Information Report (in short the FIR ) alleging that with an assurance that the accused-appellant would marry her, he had s*xual relationship with her. When this went on for some time, the informant had been taken to a temple where in the presence of deity he accepted her to be his wife and there was an agreement of marriage entered into. Alleging that the accused was likely to get married with some other lady, an FIR was lodged. Investigation was undertaken and statement of the informant was recorded under Section 164 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in short the Code ) wherein it was accepted that first with a promise of marriage, the accused had physical relationship with the informant and then, had married her. Since the accused disowned having ever married the informant and much less having ever had any physical relationship with her, she was forced to file the FIR. After investigation, charge sheet was filed wherein it was indicated an offence punishable under Sections 376 and 406 of IPC was made out. An application was filed by the present appellant before the trial Court for discharge in terms of Section 227 of the Code. By order dated 21.7.2005 the same was rejected. It was inter alia noted as follows: .As a matter of fact the poor victim Binita Kumari was put under misconception of fact as promise to marry her by the accused and in this light the accused has done s*xual intercourse with her. The accused had done such act with other girls also and further the accused has made a Akrarnama for marriage with the victim. The love letters and Akrarnama photocopy are also with the case diary and the same are on the record. From the case diary it is also clear that the accused has taken consent of the victim girl on a false promise of marriage and further a Akrarnama is also made here. Hence the consent is not with free will or voluntary act. Hence there are sufficient grounds for framing charge against the accused person. 4. Charges were framed for offences punishable under Sections 376 and 406 of IPC. As noted above, the order was challenged before the High Court which rejected the application in summary manner holding as follows: The learned Judge finding sufficient material showing petitioner s complicity in the crime rejected his prayer for discharge. I do not find any error in the same. Application stands dismissed. 5. Learned counsel for the appellant submitted that the trial Court failed to notice that the lady accepted that whatever physical relationships were there were with her consent. According to her, she was married to the accused. That being so, the question of any offence punishable under Section 376 IPC does not arise. 6. Further, the ingredients of Section 406 IPC have absolutely no application. Even a bare reading of the statement recorded under Section 164 of the Code shows that Section 406 has no application. Section 406 IPC relates to punishment for criminal breach of trust. The expression criminal breach of trust is defined in Section 405. The same relates to only entrustment of property or dominion over the property. There is no allegation of any entrustment of any property in this case and therefore Section 406 does not apply to this case. The High Court should not have rejected the application summarily without even dealing with the submissions made by the appellant. 7. Learned counsel for the State submitted that though prima facie Sections 376 and 406 do not appear to have any application, yet the case is one which is covered by other Sections like 415 and 493 IPC. Learned counsel for the informant submitted that since on the pretext of marriage and by cheating the victim the accused had physical relationship with her, it cannot be said that there is element of consent and Section 376 has rightly been applied. Both learned counsel for the State and the informant stated that the charges can be altered during the trial and there is no scope for interference. It would not be appropriate to express any view with regard to acceptability or otherwise of the submissions made by the appellant. 8. As rightly submitted by learned counsel for the State, Sections 376 and 406 prima facie do not appear to have any application. It would have been appropriate for the High Court to deal with various submissions and consider their acceptability. That apparently has not been done. This is not a case where the application should have been dismissed in a summary manner. 9. The crucial expression in Section 375 which defines rape as against her will . It seems to connote that the offending act was despite resistance and opposition of the woman. IPC does not define consent in positive terms. But what cannot be regarded as consent is explained by Section 90 which reads as follows: consent given firstly under fear of injury and secondly under a misconception of fact is not consent at all. That is what is explained in first part of Section 90. There are two grounds specified in Section 90 which are analogous to coercion and mistake of fact which are the familiar grounds that can vitiate a transaction under the jurisprudence of our country as well as other countries. The factors set out in first part of Section 90 are from the point of view of the victim and second part of Section 90 enacts the corresponding provision from the point of view of the accused. It envisages that the accused has knowledge or has reason to believe that the consent was given by the victim in consequence of fear of injury or misconception of fact. Thus the second part lays emphasis on the knowledge or reasonable belief of the person who obtains the tainted consent. The requirements of both the parts should be cumulatively satisfied. In other words, the Court has to see whether the person giving the consent has given it under fear or misconception of fact and the court should also be satisfied that the person doing the act i.e. the alleged offender is conscious of the fact or should have reason to think that but for the fear or misconception, the consent would not have been given. This is the scheme of Section 90 which is couched in negative terminology. As observed by this Court in Deelip Singh @ Dilip Kumar v. State of Bihar (2005 (1) SCC 88), Section 90 cannot be considered as an exhaustive definition of consent for the purposes of IPC. The normal connotation and concept of consent is not intended to be excluded. 10. In most of the decisions in which the meaning of the expression consent under the IPC was discussed, reference was made to the passages occurring in Stroud s Judicial Dictionary, Jowitt s Dictionary on English Law, Words and Phrases, Permanent Edn. and other legal dictionaries. Stroud defines consent as an act of reason, accompanied with deliberation, the mind weighing, as in a balance, the good and evil on each side . Jowitt, while employing the same language added the following: Consent supposes three things a physical power, a mental power and a free and serious use of them. Hence it is that if consent be obtained by intimidation, force, meditated imposition, circumvention, surprise, or undue influence, it is to be treated as a delusion, and not as a deliberate and free act of the mind. 11. In Words and Phrases, Permanent Edn., Vol. 8-A, the following passages culled out from certain old decisions of the American courts are found: .adult female s understanding of nature and consequences of s*xual act must be intelligent understanding to constitute consent . Consent within penal law, defining rape, requires exercise of intelligence based on knowledge of its significance and moral quality and there must be a choice between resistance and assent 12. It was observed in Uday v. State of Karnataka (2003 (4) SCC 46) as under: 12. The courts in India have by and large adopted these tests to discover whether the consent was voluntary or whether it was vitiated so as not to be legal consent. 13. There is a good analysis of the expression consent in the context of Section 375 IPC in Rao Harnarain Singh Sheoji Singh v. State. (AIR 1958 Punj 123). The learned Judge had evidently drawn inspiration from the above passages in the law dictionaries. The observation of the learned Judge is as follows: there is a difference between consent and submission and every consent involves a submission but the converse does not follow and a mere act of submission does not involve consent , 14. The said proposition is virtually a repetition of what was said by Coleridge, J. in R. v. Day (173 E.R. 1026) in 1841 as quoted in Words and Phrases (Permanent Edn.) at p. 205. The following remarks in Harnarain s case (supra) are also pertinent: Consent is an act of reason accompanied by deliberation, a mere act of helpless resignation in the face of inevitable compulsion, non- resistance and passive giving in cannot be deemed to be consent. 15. The passages occurring in the above decision were either verbatim quoted with approval or in condensed form in the subsequent decisions: vide Anthony, In Re (AIR 1960 Madras 308), Gopi Shanker v. State of Rajasthan (AIR 1967 Rajasthan 159), Bhimrao v. State of Maharashtra (1975 Mah.LJ 660) and Vijayan Pillai v. State of Kerala (1989 (2) KLJ 234). All these decisions have been considered in Uday s case (supra). The enunciation of law on the meaning and content of the expression consent in the context of penal law as elucidated by Tekchand, J. in Harnarain s case (supra) (which in turn was based on the above extracts from law dictionaries) has found its echo in the three-Judge Bench decision of this Court in State of H.P. v. Mango Ram (2000 (7) SCC 224). It was observed as follows: Submission of the body under the fear of terror cannot be construed as a consented s*xual act. Consent for the purpose of Section 375 requires voluntary participation not only after the exercise of intelligence based on the knowledge of the significance and moral quality of the act but after having fully > exercised the choice between resistance and assent. Whether there was consent or not, is to be ascertained only on a careful study of all relevant circumstances. 16. On the facts, it was held that there was resistance by the prosecutrix and there was no voluntary participation in the s*xual act. That case would, therefore, fall more appropriately within clause first of Section 375. 17. It would be appropriate to deal with the specific phraseology of Section 90 IPC. We have an illuminating decision of the Madras High Court rendered in 1913 in N. Jaladu, Re (ILR (1913) 36 Madras 453) in which a Division Bench of that Court considered the scope and amplitude of the expression misconception of fact occurring in Section 90 in the context of the offence of kidnapping under Section 361 IPC. The 2nd accused in that case obtained the consent of the girl s guardian by falsely representing that the object of taking her was for participating in a festival. However, after the festival was over, the 2nd accused took her to a temple in another village and married her to the 1st accused against her will. The question arose whether the guardian gave consent under a misconception of fact. While holding that there was no consent, Sundara Ayyar, J. speaking for the Bench observed thus: We are of opinion that the expression under a misconception of fact is broad enough to include all cases where the consent is obtained by misrepresentation; the misrepresentation should be regarded as leading to a misconception of the facts with reference to which the consent is given. In Section 3 of the Evidence Act Illustration (d) that a person has a certain intention is treated as a fact. So, here the fact about which the second and third prosecution witnesses were made to entertain a misconception was the fact that the second accused intended to get the girl married. In considering a similar statute, it was held in England in R. v. Hopkins (1842) Car & M 254) that a consent obtained by fraud would not be sufficient to justify the taking of a minor. See also Halsbury s Laws of England, Vol. 9, p. 623. In Stephen s Digest of the Criminal Law of England (6th Edn.,p. 217) the learned author says with reference to the law relating to abduction of girls under sixteen thus ... if the consent of the person from whose possession the girl is taken is obtained by fraud, the taking is deemed to be against the will of such a person Although in cases of contracts a consent obtained by coercion or fraud is only voidable by the party affected by it, the effect of Section 90 IPC is that such consent cannot, under the criminal law, be availed of to justify what would otherwise be an offence. 18. This decision is an authority for the proposition that a misrepresentation as regards the intention of the person seeking consent i.e. the accused, could give rise to the misconception of fact. This view of the Madras High Court was accepted by a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court in Parshottain Mahadev v. State (AIR 1963 Bombay 74). Applying that principle to a case arising under Section 375, consent given pursuant to a false representation that the accused intends to marry, could be regarded as consent given under misconception of fact. 19. On the specific question whether the consent obtained on the basis of promise to marry which was not acted upon, could be regarded as consent for the purpose of Section 375 IPC, was dealt with by a Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court in Jayanti Rani Panda v. State of WB (1984 Cr.L.J. 1535). The relevant passage in this case has been cited in several other decisions. This is one of the cases referred to by this Court in Uday s case (supra) approvingly. Without going into the details of that case, the crux of the case can be discerned from the following summary given at para 7: Here the allegation of the complainant is that the accused used to visit her house and proposed to marry her. She consented to have s*xual intercourse with the accused on a belief that the accused would really marry her. But one thing that strikes us is ... why should she keep it a secret from her parents if really she had belief in that promise. Assuming that she had believed the accused when he held out a promise, if he did at all, there is no evidence that at that time the accused had no intention of keeping that promise. It may be that subsequently when the girl conceived the accused might have felt otherwise. But even then the case in the petition of complainant is that the accused did not till then back out. Therefore it cannot be said that till then the accused had no intention of marrying the complainant even if he had held out any promise at all as alleged. The discussion that follows the above passage is important and is extracted hereunder: The failure to keep the promise at a future uncertain date due to reasons not very clear on the evidence does not always amount to a misconception of fact at the inception of the act itself. In order to come within the meaning of misconception of fact, the fact must have an immediate relevance. The matter would have been different if the consent was obtained by creating a belief that they were already married. In such a case the consent could be said to result from a misconception of fact. But here the fact alleged is a promise to marry we do not know when. If a full-grown girl consents to the act of s*xual intercourse on a promise of marriage and continues to indulge in such activity until she becomes pregnant it is an act of promiscuity on her part and not an act induced by misconception of fact. Section 90 IPC cannot be called in aid in such a case to pardon the act of the girl and fasten criminal liability on the other, unless the court can be assured that from the very inception the accused never really intended to marry her. (emphasis supplied) The learned Judges referred to the decision of the Chancery Court in Edgington v. Fitzmaurice (1885 (29) Ch.D.459) and observed : This decision lays down that a misstatement of the intention of the defendant in doing a particular act may be a misstatement of fact, and if the plaintiff was misled by it, an action of deceit may be founded on it. The particular observation at p. 483 runs to the following effect: There must be a misstatement of an existing fact. Therefore, in order to amount to a misstatement of fact the existing state of things and a misstatement as to that becomes relevant. In the absence of such evidence Section 90 cannot be called in aid in support of the contention that the consent of the complainant was obtained on a misconception of fact. After referring to the case-law on the subject, it was observed in Uday s case (supra): It therefore appears that the consensus of judicial opinion is in favour of the view that the consent given by the prosecutrix to s*xual intercourse with a person with whom she is deeply in love on a promise that he would marry her on a later date, cannot be said to be given under a misconception of fact. A false promise is not a fact within the meaning of the Code. We are inclined to agree with this view, but we must add that there is no straitjacket formula for determining whether consent given by the prosecutrix to s*xual intercourse is voluntary, or whether it is given under a misconception of fact. In the ultimate analysis, the tests laid down by the courts provide at best guidance to the judicial mind while considering a question of consent, but the court must, in each case, consider the evidence before it and the surrounding circumstances, before reaching a conclusion, because each case has its own peculiar facts which may have a bearing on the question whether the consent was voluntary, or was given under a misconception of fact. It must also weigh the evidence keeping in view the fact that the burden is on the prosecution to prove each and every ingredient of the offence, absence of consent being one of them . 20. The first two sentences in the above passage need some explanation. While we reiterate that a promise to marry without anything more will not give rise to misconception of fact within the meaning of Section 90, it needs to be clarified that a representation deliberately made by the accused with a view to elicit the assent of the victim without having the intention or inclination to marry her, will vitiate the consent. If on the facts it is established that at the very inception of the making of promise, the accused did not really entertain the intention of marrying her and the promise to marry held out by him was a mere hoax, the consent ostensibly given by the victim will be of no avail to the accused to exculpate him from the ambit of Section 375 clause second. This is what in fact was stressed by the Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court in the case of Jayanti Rani Panda s case (supra) which was approvingly referred to in Uday s case (supra). The Calcutta High Court rightly qualified the proposition which it stated earlier by adding the qualification at the end - unless the court can be assured that from the very inception the accused never really intended to marry her . (emphasis supplied) In the next para, the High Court referred to the vintage decision of the Chancery Court which laid down that a misstatement of the intention of the defendant in doing a particular act would tantamount to a misstatement of fact and an action of deceit can be founded on it. This is also the view taken by the Division Bench of the Madras High Court in Jaladu case (vide passage quoted supra). By making the solitary observation that a false promise is not a fact within the meaning of the Code , it cannot be said that this Court has laid down the law differently. The observations following the aforesaid sentence are also equally important. The Court was cautious enough to add a qualification that no straitjacket formula could be evolved for determining whether the consent was given under a misconception of fact. Reading the judgment in Uday case as a whole, we do not understand the Court laying down a broad proposition that a promise to marry could never amount to a misconception of fact. That is not, in our understanding, the ratio of the decision. In fact, there was a specific finding in that case that initially the accused s intention to marry cannot be ruled out. 21. These aspects have been elaborately dealt with in Deelip Singh s case (supra). The stage of analyzing the factual materials was yet to be undertaken. But as rightly contended by the appellant if on a bare reading of the FIR, it shows that no offence had been made out for proceeding situation would be different. It would have been proper for the High Court as noted above to deal with the matter elaborately. That apparently has not been done. Therefore, without expressing any opinion on the merits of the case, we set aside the order of the High Court and remit the matter to it for fresh consideration. 22. The appeal is disposed of accordingly.

is the above is mr assumi's case?

I appreciate the views of Mr Shree and Mr Rajan Salvi.

hi,

apart from the said judgement , in my opinion s*x b4 marriage is not tantamount to

rape.Rather i shoud say in this world a huge number of women being raped by their husband

every night i.e. a s*x..relation with out consent/will is amounting to rape.

regards

sibasish pattanayak

                 advocate.

sir,

what is rape? a s*x relation with consent/will ><with out consent/will....marriage is not a criteria.

pl reply.

regards

sibasish pattanayak.

Eastalishing SEX relationship by a male with a female,

1) Minor girl – rape.

2) With consent – not rape

3) With consent, with a promise to marry her - rape

4) Without consent – rape.

5) within a valid marriage bond – not rape.

Chalk up yet another debacle for the quest for some measure of equity in our imbalanced (in)Justice System. Over time, even massive mountains are eroded by incisive weather; evidently, so also expectations of fair play that purports to be the bedrock of jurisprudence. But with the former, there’s really nothing one can do to manage weather; however, in the administration of justice, there’s tremendous discretion empowering tribunals to “look past the forest landscape and focus with clarity on the varied flora that makes up the forest”.

 I wouldn’t dare attempt second guessing the honorable, learned justices, but consider this: If pre-martial (or extra-martial) s*x is consensual, there’s really no need for any promises. If s*xual intimacy is contingent upon a promise to bequeath a benefit, be it money, favor, security, or marriage, it is tantamount to prostitution: The female “victim” litigant had a price tag on her merchandise. I use the word “merchandise” deliberately since “virtue”, “chastity”, “honor”, and other descripttors for the Hindi word “SHARAM” do not (should not!) have a price attached to it. It is not just some lackluster attribute to be bartered away with; besides, if s*xual gratification was the immediate recompense, chances are the female “victim” got a lion’s share. 'Nuff said!

 Now, almost all consumer protection laws in the civilized world afford the buyer to try out the merchandise (or at least check them out) before deciding on purchase – just so they know in advance what they’re getting. With merchandise such as cars, two-wheelers, etc., a solitary test drive is simply not enough to sway an intelligent, far-reaching decision. More importantly, there is absolutely no compulsion to buy the product (or service) after sampling it or “trying it out”.

 Doesn’t a person maintain the right to exercise choice and change his mind? Does it accomplish any valid social purpose or meet the “ends of Justice” when courts assume the role of accomplice to extortion/blackmail orchestrated by a sore loser who in all likelihood deserved to be dumped all along.  

 Come on, People! Wake up and smell the coffee! We are all grownups here! Unless they are total morons, women available in the “meat market” know what men want! Almost every woman on the planet knows what all (OK - Most) men want. They've been warned. They've known the answer to that one since grade school. They watch TV, see movies, read books, talk to other people, and if nothing else, they've taken note of the well-known fact that 86.5% of all the sites to be found on the Internet are nothing but p*rn.

 In the words of a meat-sampling connoisseur, “Women may seem irrational—but they’re not stupid! They know exactly what men want, and they know that men will do anything to get it. In fact, half of them are just waiting for men to prove what a revolting piece of dog crap they (i.e., WE!) truly are so they can shout “AHHH, HAAAA! You revolting piece of dog crap!” while pointing their accusatory finger at us (men) in melodramatic triumph and booting us (men) out of their life – once boredom sets in. And then they yell bl**dy murder, “I have been cheated! Boo .. Hoo..”

 (Oh! You poor thing … my hemorrhoids bleed for you!).

 On the flip side, women often wait until they’re given even the flimsiest excuse to justify premarital intimacy. Check out these “sure fire”, “golden words” that open the door to female hearts and other more useful parts of the anatomy:  “We’re so RIGHT for each other … You’re not like the rest … I feel so good with you … We’ll get married, eventually, so let’s sample the goodies ahead of time …” (Ya Right, Sweetie! “Married”, but not necessarily to each other!).

 Then again, there are women, with just as strong urges who chose to be modest and jealously guard their intimacy that represents family honor, self-respect, and virtuous conduct.

 Heartaches, blemished pride, dishonor, feeling dirty, “being used”, etc., etc., are just a price one pays for dabbling in a risky game (and that’s just what it is: a game) that most societies frown on; a game that they knew beforehand could eventually be catastrophic but got lost in the moment and didn’t care enough to stop.

 I think we should give a little more credit, intelligence-wise, to our resourceful women. No one jumps into an intimate relationship with both eyes shut reliant on sweet words alone and induced fantasies. They peek. And have the Judge’s gavel to help them cheat!

 The fruit of a poisonous tree is poisonous. So also relationships that began and are “nurtured” by what is clearly taboo.

 

Sorry if I rubbed anyone the wrong way. This is merely my humble opinion (while I’m still entitled to one).

Collins - You're views are extreme , but I can dare say .... they are not devoid of truth. After fractional distillation of the subject no. of times.... the end product is what you have described.

But look at the other side. If this illlusion is removed from the minds of  people ... you are snatching away the last straw of insanity left in them.

sorry - sanity left in them.

In a mad world, only the mad are sane!

Arup is right

Dear Mam

 Instead of giving citation you are unnecessarily stating unnecessary facts which are so ridiculous See, being as advocate one  should be too practical but in such vague manner and half handed. I think you might be a junior that you should learn lot   

 

N.K. ASSUMI,

 In reply to your question, that is premarriage s*x amounts to rape , the ans. likely to be NO, WHY the ans no? premarriage s*x means , s*xual intercourse in between an adult man and women. it is presumed that the relation in between them is smooth , resultantly there is no complaint against the said man before any authority by that women, so there  is no question of rape arising in this s*xual intercourse, i think you know the definition of rape. so will and full consent are there = a havenly relation they maintained.

on the other hand premarriage s*x is amounts to rape with cheat , but how? see  since inducement  the man obtained her consent to develop a s*xual relation only on the plea that he loves her and ready and or promise to marry her on such inducement if the women consented to that extend and subsequently if she betrayed by that man she can lodge a complaint against the man for cheat and rape ,

assumi, in favour of delhi high court judgement so many case law are in our country mind it vice versa also.

regards,

sibasish pattanayak, Advocate,

sibasishpattanzyak@snslegal.in

sibasish_adv@yahoo.co.in